CCTV and Video Surveillance
Camera placement, storage sizing and control-room design planned from a coverage survey, not a generic camera count.

Reference system
Symptoms
When this matters
If any of these describe your environment, this is the conversation to have.
- 01Camera coverage was decided by budget rather than a survey of actual blind spots.
- 02Recordings are lost or overwritten before an incident is even reported.
- 03Nobody can say with confidence how many days of footage the system retains.
- 04Legacy analogue or ageing NVR hardware is failing and needs a migration plan.
- 05Remote viewing exists but access is not properly secured.
Scope
What KINNEX delivers
Surveillance is only as useful as its weakest link — a blind spot, an under-sized disk or an unsecured remote-viewing link undermines the whole system. KINNEX treats CCTV as network infrastructure with a retention policy, not a set of cameras bolted onto a wall.
- Risk and coverage survey, camera type selection, lens and mounting strategy.
- IP camera, NVR or VMS architecture, control rooms, remote access and health monitoring.
- Storage and retention sizing based on camera count, resolution, frame rate, codec, motion and policy.
- Network, PoE, fibre, UPS, time synchronisation and security design for CCTV infrastructure.
- Audits, upgrades, migration from legacy systems and preventive maintenance.
- Analytics such as ANPR or intelligent detection only where accuracy, privacy and environment are assessed.
Capability catalogue
Everything this covers
183 capabilities, scoped, sourced and delivered under one contract. Search for the exact term you use.
183 capabilities
Camera types and form factors24
The right body for every line of sight, mounting height and environment.
- Dome and vandal-resistant dome
- Mini dome and ceiling-flush dome
- Bullet cameras for perimeters and facades
- Turret and eyeball cameras
- PTZ and speed-dome cameras
- Positioning systems for heavy-duty PTZ
- Fisheye 360° with dewarp views
- Multi-sensor panoramic cameras (180°, 270°, 360°)
- Box cameras with C/CS-mount lenses
- Varifocal and motorised-zoom cameras
- ANPR and LPR cameras
- Thermal cameras
- Bi-spectrum (thermal plus visible) cameras
- Explosion-proof cameras for hazardous areas (ATEX, IECEx)
- Covert, pinhole and button cameras
- Elevator and lift-car cameras
- Body-worn cameras
- Vehicle and bus cameras with mobile DVR (MDVR)
- 4G, 5G and Wi-Fi cameras for remote sites
- Solar-powered cameras
- Time-lapse construction cameras
- Drone and UAV-based surveillance through specialist operators
- Analog HD cameras (HD-TVI, HD-CVI, AHD) for retrofit
- Video door cameras and doorbell units
Image quality, optics and ratings18
Specifications chosen from the scene, not from the brochure headline.
- 2 MP, 4 MP, 5 MP, 8 MP (4K), 12 MP and higher resolutions
- Pixel-density design to IEC 62676-4 (Detect, Observe, Recognise, Identify)
- Lens selection by focal length, field of view and mounting height
- Sensor size and low-light performance (lux rating, aperture)
- Full-colour night imaging and starlight sensors
- True wide dynamic range (WDR up to 120 dB) for backlit entrances
- BLC, HLC and defog for glare, headlights and haze
- IR illumination range, smart IR and white-light deterrence
- H.264, H.265, H.265+ and smart codecs for bandwidth control
- CBR, VBR and bitrate budgeting per stream
- 3D digital noise reduction and electronic image stabilisation
- IP66, IP67 and IP68 ingress protection (IEC 60529)
- IK08 and IK10 vandal resistance (IEC 62262)
- Operating temperature range, corrosion and salt-mist resistance
- Surge protection and lightning protection ratings
- PoE classes 802.3af, 802.3at and 802.3bt, Hi-PoE and 12 V DC
- Dual-stream and multi-stream configuration
- Privacy masking and region-of-interest encoding
Recording, storage and retention16
Retention is a design input: channel count, bitrate and days decide the hardware.
- NVR, DVR and hybrid recorders (HVR, XVR)
- Rack-mount enterprise NVRs with hot-swap bays
- 16, 32, 64, 128 channel and larger recording platforms
- RAID 1, 5, 6 and 10 with hot spare
- Surveillance-class hard drives and enterprise drives
- SAN, NAS and iSCSI storage arrays for large estates
- Storage sizing: bitrate × cameras × days, with headroom
- Retention policies of 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days
- Continuous, motion, schedule and event recording
- Edge storage on camera with ANR (automatic network replenishment)
- N+1 failover recording servers and clustered VMS
- Evidence archiving with tamper-evident watermarking and hashing
- Cloud and hybrid video storage (VSaaS) and offsite backup
- SMART disk health monitoring and failed-drive alerts
- Time synchronisation (NTP) across cameras, recorders and access control
- Footage export in standard players with integrity verification
VMS, control room and viewing15
One operating picture for one site or hundreds, on screens, video walls and phones.
- Video management software (VMS) selection and licensing
- Milestone XProtect, Genetec Security Center, Axis Camera Station, HikCentral, Dahua DSS, Hanwha WAVE
- ONVIF Profile S, T, G, M, Q, A and C interoperability
- RTSP, open APIs and SDK integration
- Control room design: consoles, ergonomics, lighting, acoustics
- Video wall controllers, decoders and narrow-bezel LCD or LED walls
- Operator workstations, joystick and PTZ keyboards
- Multi-site central monitoring with federated VMS
- E-maps, floor plans and GIS overlays
- Alarm management, event correlation and escalation workflows
- Role-based access, operator audit logs and shift handover logs
- Web clients and iOS and Android mobile apps
- Adaptive streaming for low-bandwidth viewing
- Remote viewing over zero-trust access, never open port-forwarding
- Live view, playback, smart search and synchronised multi-camera playback
AI video analytics19
Cameras that raise events instead of waiting to be watched. Features depend on the camera model and licensing.
- Intrusion detection and virtual perimeter
- Line crossing and region entry and exit
- Loitering and abandoned or removed object detection
- People counting, footfall and occupancy
- Queue length and dwell-time analytics
- Heat maps for layout and merchandising decisions
- Face detection and face recognition against watchlists
- ANPR with whitelist, blacklist, parking and boom-barrier logic
- Vehicle classification, colour and make recognition
- Helmet, vest and PPE detection
- Fire and smoke detection from video
- Crowd density and stampede-risk alerts
- Fall and man-down detection
- Camera tamper, defocus and scene-change detection
- Auto-tracking PTZ and multi-camera hand-off
- Smart search by attribute: person, vehicle, colour, time
- Edge analytics on camera and server-side analytics on GPU
- False-alarm filtering and alert tuning during commissioning
- Container, truck and wagon number recognition (OCR)
Network, power and passive infrastructure16
Most surveillance faults are network and power faults. This is where reliability is built.
- PoE and PoE+ managed switches with PoE budgeting
- Surveillance VLANs, multicast (IGMP) and QoS
- Bandwidth calculation and uplink dimensioning
- Fibre uplinks, SFP modules and media converters
- Ethernet-over-coax and long-reach PoE extenders for analog-to-IP upgrades
- Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless bridges (5 GHz, 60 GHz)
- 4G, 5G routers and failover links for remote sites
- Structured cabling to TIA-568 and ISO/IEC 11801, with test reports
- Armoured, outdoor-rated and fire-retardant cabling
- Conduit, trunking, junction boxes, poles and brackets
- Cable length, voltage drop and 100 m channel limits
- UPS and battery backup for cameras, switches and recorders
- Solar and hybrid power for off-grid cameras
- Earthing, surge arrestors and lightning protection
- Rack and enclosure design with cable management and cooling
- Camera poles, masts and foundations with civil coordination
Securing the surveillance system itself14
A camera on the network is a computer on the network. It needs the same discipline.
- Removal of default credentials and strong password policy
- Role-based accounts and multi-factor authentication where supported
- Firmware inventory, validation and patch scheduling
- Disabling unused services, UPnP and port-forwarding
- Remote access through VPN, ZTNA or software-defined access
- 802.1X port security and MAC allow-listing
- TLS and HTTPS on camera and VMS interfaces; certificate management
- Network isolation from corporate and guest traffic
- Firewall rules between camera, recorder, VMS and viewing networks
- Logging, SIEM forwarding and anomaly alerts
- Selection aligned to Indian surveillance-camera security norms (BIS and STQC testing)
- Vendor risk review for firmware origin and update policy
- Backup of recorder and VMS configuration
- Annual security hardening review
Site-specific and sector deployments17
The same technology, tuned to how each environment is actually used.
- Perimeter intrusion detection: fence, radar, thermal and analytics
- Gate, boom-barrier and ANPR entry control
- Parking management and guidance
- Residential: gate, lobby, lift, basement, stilt and clubhouse coverage
- Retail: till-point, aisle, stockroom and POS-transaction overlay
- Banks, ATMs and vault approaches with tamper-evident recording
- Warehouse docks, loading bays, truck logging and yard PTZ
- Industrial shop floor, hazardous zones and weighbridges
- Schools and campuses: corridors, labs, playgrounds and school buses
- Hospitals: entrances, pharmacy, ICU corridors with privacy-aware placement
- Hotels: lobby, back-of-house, parking and perimeter
- Data centres: cage, aisle and rack-level coverage
- City and township surveillance, junctions and smart-pole deployments
- Construction sites with time-lapse and night monitoring
- Places of worship, event venues and crowd management
- Petrol pumps, jewellery showrooms and cash-handling sites
- Cold storage and low-temperature housings
Integrations12
Video becomes far more useful when it talks to the other systems on site.
- Access control and visitor management
- Intruder alarm panels and panic buttons
- Fire alarm and public address
- ANPR with boom barriers and parking systems
- Intercom and video door phone
- Building management system (BMS)
- POS, ERP and weighbridge systems
- Sirens, strobes, lighting and relay outputs
- SMS, WhatsApp and email alerting
- Command centre, GIS and emergency dispatch
- Third-party analytics engines and cloud AI services
- Time-and-attendance and HRMS
Design, engineering and commissioning12
Architecture before equipment. Every camera has a reason to be where it is.
- Site survey and threat and risk assessment
- Camera-by-camera coverage plan with DORI targets and blind-spot analysis
- Lighting survey and lux measurement
- Bandwidth, storage and PoE calculations
- Bill of quantities (BOQ), single-line diagrams and cable routes
- Proof of concept and pilot cameras on real scenes
- 3D and floor-plan visualisation of coverage
- Tender documents, technical specifications and vendor comparison
- Factory acceptance (FAT) and site acceptance (SAT) test plans
- Configuration, analytics tuning and user training
- As-built drawings, IP schedules and O&M manuals
- Warranty management and critical spares planning
Operations, maintenance and audits12
Surveillance is only as good as its uptime and the footage it can actually produce.
- Annual maintenance contracts (AMC and CAMC) with SOP and SLA
- Preventive maintenance: lens cleaning, alignment, housing and cable checks
- Camera, disk and retention health monitoring
- Footage retrieval and evidence handling support
- Firmware and configuration management
- Coverage and compliance audits of existing installations
- Analog-to-IP migration and mixed-estate management
- Relocation, expansion and capacity upgrades
- Root-cause diagnosis: optical path, switching, power and configuration
- Emergency response for failed recorders and cameras
- Replacement of end-of-life equipment and refresh planning
- Monthly health and incident reporting
Policy, privacy and evidence8
Footage is personal data and often legal evidence. Handling it well is part of the system.
- CCTV usage policy and signage
- Data-retention and deletion schedules
- Privacy masking for sensitive areas
- Access control and logging for who viewed or exported footage
- Chain-of-custody practices for evidence handed to authorities
- Practices designed for India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP)
- Consent and notice practices for biometric analytics
- Impact assessment before deploying face recognition
Nothing listed under that term yet. If you need it, ask: we can usually source or deliver it through a specialist team. Tell us what you need.
The site, in 3D
Coverage designed around the whole site
Perimeter, entrances and podium roofs covered by design, with every camera recording to a monitored control room.
- Perimeter cameras
- Entrance identification
- Podium roof coverage
- Control room
Real-time 3D illustration of a typical site, not a specific client project.
Use cases
Where this shows up
Typical situations that lead an organisation to this work.
01
A facility with unaddressed blind spots identified only after an incident.
02
A legacy analogue CCTV system being migrated to IP with minimal disruption.
03
A control room that needs centralised viewing across multiple sites.
Planning tool
How much recorder storage do you need?
Size storage from your cameras and retention period. Every assumption is shown, and a datasheet bitrate replaces the estimate.
Estimate
Usable storage to provision
5.9TB
5.2 TB of footage + 15% spare
Drives
3× 8 TB
24 TB raw, incl. protection
Recording bandwidth
16Mbps
Into the recorder, all cameras
Per day
172GB
Cameras
8
How this is calculated
Storage = bitrate × recorded seconds per day × retention days × cameras. Capacities are decimal TB, as drives are sold.
Default bitrates are typical good-quality figures at 25 fps, moderate scene, H.264: 2MP 4 Mbps, 4MP 6 Mbps, 5MP 7 Mbps, 8MP 12 Mbps, 12MP 16 Mbps. H.265 halves this; smart codecs reduce it to about 30%. Busy scenes add 50%, quiet ones save 40%. Lower frame rates save less than proportionally, because most bits go into changes between frames.
Bitrate varies by camera, settings, lighting and scene. Enter the figure from the camera’s datasheet or recorder for an exact result.
RAID 5 needs at least 3 drives, RAID 6 at least 4. Recorders also have drive-bay and bandwidth limits; we size those on the survey.
Next: placement
Plan where the cameras go on your own floor plan
True footprints, blind zones and IEC 62676-4 detail levels, with the share of each area covered.
Delivery method
How the work runs
Architecture before equipment. Validation before handover.
Stage 01 of 6
Assess
Coverage and risk survey, lighting conditions and existing infrastructure review.
Stage 02 of 6
Design
Camera type, lens, mounting and storage/retention architecture.
Stage 03 of 6
Implement
Camera installation, network cabling, PoE, NVR/VMS and control-room setup.
Stage 04 of 6
Validate
Field-of-view verification, recording checks and remote-access security review.
Stage 05 of 6
Document
Camera schedule, retention policy and network diagram.
Stage 06 of 6
Support
Health monitoring, preventive maintenance and periodic coverage audits.
How we take this on
One contract. The right specialist for every part
Your project is wider than any single team. We scope all of it, source all of it and carry the responsibility for all of it.
- 01
Scope
We survey, size and specify against standards and your operating reality, not against a brochure.
- 02
Source
Any make, any model, from the manufacturer, distribution or registered importers. GST-compliant invoicing, warranty and returns handled for you.
- 03
Deliver
KINNEX engineers do the work we do every day. Where a job needs a specialist, we bring in the right expert team as a sub-order under your single contract.
- 04
Own
One scope, one SOP, one SLA and one point of accountability, whoever is on site.
Standards and terms
Standards we design to, and the terms you will hear
Specifications are written against recognised standards. Here is the vocabulary, in plain language.
- IEC 62676 (video surveillance systems)
- IEC 62676-4 (DORI pixel density)
- EN 50132 (CCTV alarm systems)
- ONVIF Profiles S, T, G, M, Q, A, C
- IEC 60529 (IP ratings)
- IEC 62262 (IK impact ratings)
- IEEE 802.3af, 802.3at, 802.3bt (PoE)
- TIA-568 and ISO/IEC 11801 (cabling)
- BIS and STQC (Indian camera safety and security testing)
- ISO/IEC 27001 aligned operating practices
- H.264, H.265 and MJPEG video coding
- RAID levels 1, 5, 6, 10
- ATEX and IECEx for hazardous areas
- IEC 61000 (EMC and surge immunity)
- DORI
- Detect, Observe, Recognise, Identify: the four levels of usable detail in IEC 62676-4, set by pixels per metre on the target. About 25, 63, 125 and 250 px/m.
- Pixel density
- How many pixels cover each metre of the scene at a given distance. It, not the megapixel count, decides whether a face or plate is readable.
- WDR
- Wide dynamic range. Lets a camera hold detail in both a bright doorway and a dark lobby in the same frame.
- BLC / HLC
- Backlight and highlight compensation. Stops headlights or windows from blanking the rest of the image.
- Bitrate
- The video data a camera sends each second. It drives network sizing and storage, and rises with resolution, frame rate and scene motion.
- H.265 / H.265+
- Compression standards that cut bitrate roughly in half compared with H.264 at similar quality, saving storage and bandwidth.
- NVR / DVR / HVR
- Network, digital and hybrid video recorders. NVRs record IP cameras; DVRs record analog; hybrids record both.
- VMS
- Video management software: the platform that connects cameras, recorders, users, alarms and maps.
- ONVIF
- An industry standard that lets cameras and software from different makers work together.
- ANPR / LPR
- Automatic number-plate recognition. Reads vehicle plates for logging, access control and watchlists.
- PoE budget
- The total power a PoE switch can supply across all ports. Exceed it and cameras drop out.
- ANR
- Automatic network replenishment: cameras store video locally during an outage and send it back when the link returns.
- RAID
- Disk arrangements that keep recording if a drive fails, trading some capacity for resilience.
- Retention
- How many days of footage are kept before it is overwritten. A business and legal decision that sizes the storage.
- SOP and SLA
- The standard operating procedures for how issues are handled, and the service levels agreed for response and restoration.
Brands
Any make. Sourced, supplied and supported
We specify against your requirement and standards, then source the right product from the manufacturer, distribution or registered importers. Delivered, installed and supported under one contract.
CCTV and video surveillance
IP and HD cameras, recorders, VMS and analytics platforms.
Hikvision
Dahua
Axis Communications
Honeywell
Bosch
Hanwha Vision
Panasonic i-PRO
Sony
Pelco
Avigilon
Genetec
Teledyne FLIR
Eagle Eye Networks
Ubiquiti
Seagate
Western Digital
Toshiba
- CP Plus
Show 12 more brands
- Uniview
- Milestone Systems
- Vivotek
- Mobotix
- EZVIZ
- Secureye
- Matrix Comsec
- Godrej Security Solutions
- Tiandy
- Reolink
- Verkada
- Digital Watchdog
Access control, biometrics and attendance
Readers, controllers, biometric terminals, turnstiles, barriers and locks.
HID GlobalASSA ABLOY
Nedap
Honeywell
Bosch
IDEMIA
Yale
Samsung
Hikvision
Dahua
Brivo
Axis Communications
Gunnebo
FAAC
Nice
- ZKTeco
- eSSL
- Suprema
Show 20 more brands
- Matrix Comsec
- Paxton
- Salto
- dormakaba
- Gallagher
- Lenel S2
- Anviz
- Realtime
- Godrej Security Solutions
- Aqara
- Kantech
- CEM Systems
- Biomax
- VingCard
- Saflok
- Onity
- Magnetic Autocontrol
- Tiso
- Came
- BFT
Networking, Wi-Fi and SD-WAN
Switching, routing, wireless, SD-WAN and application delivery.
Cisco
Aruba
Juniper Networks
Ubiquiti
TP-Link
D-Link
Netgear
Cambium Networks
Fortinet
Huawei
MikroTik
Arista Networks
Dell Technologies
Zyxel
Cisco Meraki
Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise
Allied Telesis
Array Networks
Show 19 more brands
F5
Citrix
Radware
HPE
VMware
Palo Alto Networks
Tejas Networks
Nokia
Ericsson
- Ruckus Networks
- Extreme Networks
- Ruijie Networks
- Juniper Mist
- Digisol
- A10 Networks
- Versa Networks
- Peplink
- Cradlepoint
- Teltonika
Servers, storage and data-centre compute
Rack, tower and edge servers, SAN, NAS, all-flash and tape.
Dell Technologies
HPE
Lenovo
Cisco UCS
Supermicro
Fujitsu
IBM
Huawei
Inspur
NetApp
Pure Storage
Synology
QNAP
Western Digital
Seagate
Hitachi Vantara
TrueNAS
Toshiba
Show 24 more brands
Intel
AMD
NVIDIA
Samsung
Micron
Dell EMC
HP
ASUS
Gigabyte
Wiwynn
Marvell
Broadcom
Arm
SK hynix
Kioxia
SanDisk
Transcend
- Quantum
- Asustor
- Kingston
- Crucial
- Nimble Storage
- Mellanox
- Ampere
Power, cooling, racks and data-centre facility
UPS, batteries, PDUs, precision cooling, racks and monitoring.
APC
Schneider Electric
Vertiv
Rittal
Exide
Cummins
Kirloskar
Stulz
Liebert
ABB
Siemens
Hitachi Hi-Rel
Havells
Tripp Lite
Kohler
Caterpillar
Perkins
- Eaton
Show 24 more brands
- Delta Electronics
- Legrand
- Netrack
- Valrack
- Raritan
- Socomec
- Riello
- Numeric
- Luminous
- Microtek
- Amara Raja
- Mahindra Powerol
- Panduit
- Emerson
- Su-Kam
- Livguard
- Okaya
- CyberPower
- Centiel
- Piller
- Ashok Leyland
- Server Technology
- Sensaphone
- AKCP
Product names, logos and brands are property of their respective owners and are used for identification only. Don't see what you need? We can usually source it, including through registered importers.Ask us.
Technology fit
The technology categories this work draws on.
- IP camera and video management system (VMS) platforms
- Network video recorders (NVR) and enterprise storage
- PoE switching for camera power and data
- Secure remote-viewing gateways
Environments
Where this applies
Reading
Related insights
CCTV and Video Surveillance
ANPR for gates and car parks: placement, lighting and accuracy
Number-plate recognition works when the camera, angle, speed and light are right. A practical design guide.
CCTV and Video Surveillance
Gated community security: what a good design includes
Gate, perimeter, towers, car parks and clubhouse. How CCTV, visitor management and intercom fit together for apartments and townships.
CCTV and Video Surveillance
Perimeter protection: thermal cameras, radar and fence sensors compared
Large sites need early warning. How thermal imaging, radar, fence detection and analytics combine, and where each fails.

CCTV and Video Surveillance
How to size CCTV storage retention without guessing
A practical walkthrough of the variables that actually determine how many days of footage a CCTV system can retain.
CCTV and Video Surveillance
Designing a CCTV control room: ergonomics, displays and resilience
Video walls, operator consoles, alarms and power. What makes a monitoring room usable across long shifts.
CCTV and Video Surveillance
Eight red flags in a CCTV quotation
Vague specifications, no site survey and missing storage maths are the usual signs a quote will disappoint. What to look for before you accept.
Questions
Frequently asked questions
Retention is a design decision, sized from camera count, resolution, frame rate, codec and motion activity against your required retention policy — not left to whatever the default hardware provides.
Through a physical coverage survey of the site, mapping fields of view against entry points, high-value areas and known risk zones.
Where condition and specification allow, yes — the survey identifies what can be retained and what needs replacing rather than assuming a full rip-and-replace.
Through authenticated, encrypted remote-access design rather than exposing NVR or camera interfaces directly to the internet.
Health monitoring is set up to flag failures early, and preventive maintenance visits catch degrading hardware before it causes a full outage.
Request a surveillance site survey
Tell us the site, the constraint or the outcome you need, and we will come back with the right next step.


